Multi-organ involvement caused by Scedosporium apiospermum infection after near drowning: a case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Scedosporium apiospermum (S. apiospermum) is a rare fungal pathogen that causes disseminated infections. It rarely affects immunocompetent individuals and has a poor prognosis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 37-year-old woman presented with multiple lesions in the lungs, brain, and eyes, shortly after near drowning in a car accident. The primary symptoms were chest tightness, limb weakness, headache, and poor vision in the left eye. S. apiospermum infection was confirmed by metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of intracranial abscess drainage fluid, although intracranial metastases were initially considered. After systemic treatment with voriconazole, her symptoms improved significantly; however, she lost vision in her left eye due to delayed diagnosis. CONCLUSION: While S. apiospermum infection is rare, it should be considered even in immunocompetent patients. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential. Voriconazole may be an effective treatment option.

A systemic infection involved in lung, brain and spine caused by Scedosporium apiospermum species complex after near-drowning: a case report and literature review.

Scedosporium apiospermum species complex are widely distributed fungi that can be found in a variety of polluted environments, including soil, sewage, and decaying vegetation. Those opportunistic pathogens with strong potential of invasion commonly affect immunosuppressed populations However, few cases of scedosporiosis are reported in immunocompetent individuals, who might be misdiagnosed, leading to a high mortality rate. Here, we reported an immunocompetent case of systemtic infection involved in lung, brain and spine, caused by S. apiospermum species complex (S. apiospermum and S. boydii). The patient was an elderly male with persistent fever and systemtic infection after near-drowning. In the two tertiary hospitals he visited, definite diagnosis was extremely difficult. After being admitted to our hospital, he was misdiagnosed as tuberculosis infection, before diagnosis of S. apiospermum species complex infection by the metagenomic next-generation sequencing. His symptoms were alleviated after voriconazole treatment. In the present case, the details associated with its course were reported and published studies on Scedosporium spp. infection were also reviewed, for a better understanding of this disease and reducing the misdiagnosis rate.

Transient changes in the ST-T waveform mimicking myocardial infarction in a child with near-drowning: a case report.

Drowning is a common cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. Anoxia, hypothermia, and metabolic acidosis are mainly responsible for this morbidity. Drowning may lead to multiple organ damage, especially cardiac damage, in cases in which severe hypothermia and hypoxemia occur. We report a case of a 4-year-old girl who was admitted to our hospital's Emergency Department because of drowning. She had elevated troponin I concentrations and ST-segment elevation with T wave inversion. However, cardiovascular computed tomography showed no obvious abnormalities in the coronary arteries. We suggest that cardiac damage in this situation is caused by coronary artery spasms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of cardiac damage with electrocardiographic changes after drowning in a preschool child.

In-water resuscitation during a surf rescue: Time lost or breaths gained? A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: A technique called in-water resuscitation (IWR) was devised on a surfboard to ventilate persons who seemingly did not breathe upon a water rescue. Despite IWR still raises uncertainties regarding its applicability, this technique is recommended by the International Liaison Committee for Resuscitation (ILCOR). Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of IWR with a rescue board before and during towing and, to compare rescue times and rescue-associated fatigue levels between rescues with rescue breath attempts and without (SR). METHODS: A randomized crossover pilot test was conducted: 1) IWR test with pocket mask and, 2) Conventional SR test. IWR tests were conducted using a Laerdal ResusciAnne manikin (Stavanger, Norway). Three groups of variables were recorded: a) rescue time (in s), b) effective ventilations during rescue, and c) rating of perceived effort (RPE). RESULTS: Focusing on the rescue time, the performance SR was significantly faster than IWR rescue which took 61 s longer to complete the rescue (Z = -2.805; p = 0.005). No significant differences were found between techniques for the RPE (T = -1.890; p = 0.095). In the IWR analysis, lifeguards performed an average of 27 ± 12 rescue breaths. CONCLUSION: The application of IWR on a rescue board is feasible both at the time of rescue and during towing. It shortens the reoxygenation time but delays the arrival time to shore. Both IWR and SR result in similar levels of perceived fatigue.

A systematic review and disability-adjusted life years of Scedosporium/Lomentospora infection in patients after near-drowning.

Scedosporium/Lomentospora species exist as saprophytic moulds that can potentially lead to serious infections in patients who have experienced near-drowning incidents. Scedosporium species are distributed across different regions of the world while Lomentospora prolificans has quite a restricted geographic distribution. We aimed to systematically review scedosporiosis cases after near-drowning, their clinical manifestations, underlying diseases, treatments, outcomes and its impact through disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Five available sources were searched from 1 January 2007, to 20 April 2022. Thirty-eight studies, including 41 patients, were evaluated. Mean age was 33.6 ± 18.6 years (range 1-68), and 28 were male (68.3%). Central nervous system (CNS) dissemination predominated (36/41; 87.8%), presenting mainly as multiple brain abscesses (26/41; 63.4%), followed by lung involvement (22/41; 56.4%). Scedosporium apiospermum species complex was the most causative agent (38/41; 92.7%). Overall mortality was 51.2%. Half of the patients (18/37) were cured after receiving proper treatment, and in most cases, voriconazole alone or in combination with surgery or other antifungals caused survival. The mean survival time was 123 ± 27 days. Mean DALYs in 1980-2022 were 46.110 ± 3.318 (39.607-52.612). Time to diagnosis was estimated to be 120 days, and there was no association between time to diagnosis and outcome. Voriconazole is a potentially effective therapy, and combination of surgery and antifungal treatment may lead to more favourable outcome. Advances in early diagnosis and appropriate antifungal therapy may have contributed to reducing its mortality.

A quest for an integrated management system of children following a drowning incident: A review of the literature.

PURPOSE: Management of children following a drowning incident is based on specific interventions which are used in the prehospital environment, the emergency department (ED) and the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). This paper presents a review of the literature to map and describe the management and interventions used by healthcare professionals when managing a child following a drowning incident. Of specific interest was to map, synthesise and describe the management and interventions according to the different clinical domains or practice areas of healthcare professionals. DESIGN AND METHODS: A traditional review of the literature was performed to appraise, map and describe information from 32 relevant articles. Four electronic databases were searched using search strings and the Boolean operators AND as well as OR. The included articles were all published in English between 2010 and 2022, as it comprised a timeline including current guidelines and practices necessary to describe management and interventions. RESULTS: Concepts and phrases from the literature were used as headings to form a picture or overview of the interventions used for managing a child following a drowning incident. Information extracted from the literature was mapped under management and interventions for prehospital, the ED and the PICU and a figure was constructed to display the findings. It was evident from the literature that management and interventions are well researched, evidence-informed and discussed, but no clear arguments or examples could be found to link the interventions for integrated management from the scene of drowning through to the PICU. Cooling and/or rewarming techniques and approaches and termination of resuscitation were found to be discussed as interventions, but no evidence of integration from prehospital to the ED and beyond was found. The review also highlighted the absence of parental involvement in the management of children following a drowning incident. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Mapping the literature enables visualisation of management and interventions used for children following a drowning incident. Integration of these interventions can collaboratively be done by involving the healthcare practitioners to form a link or chain for integrated management from the scene of drowning through to the PICU.

Scedosporium Infection in Recipients of Kidney Transplants from Deceased Near-Drowning Donor.

Scedosporium aurianticum infection developed in 2 recipients of kidney transplants in India, acquired from the same deceased near-drowning donor. Given the substantial risk for death associated with Scedosporium infection among solid-organ transplant recipients, safety protocols for organ transplantation from nearly drowned donors should be thoroughly revaluated and refined.

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a 4-year-old male following submersion in a manure pond.

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is uncommon in immunocompetent patients, but rare cases have been described after nonfatal drowning, particularly in contaminated water sources. Given subacute disease manifestations, diagnostic difficulties and the rapidly progressive nature of this organism, its mortality rate approaches 50%. Clinicians must rely on nonculture-based biomarkers and imaging to inform early diagnosis. There are currently no recommendations regarding diagnostics or empiric therapy for mold infections in near-drowning patients. We report a fatal case of IPA in a 4-year-old male following submersion in a manure pond. Early serum biomarkers and empiric voriconazole should be strongly considered in all patients after near-drowning in contaminated water sources.

Children that survive drowning can suffer lung infections after inhaling water. The cause is usually bacteria (germs) that live in our nose, as well as the bacteria in the water itself. In dirty water, many different bacteria are present. Strong antibiotic medicines are usually given to treat or stop infections from happening after drowning. Molds (fungus germs) can also cause lung infections, but usually in people with weak infection-fighting ability. We report a case of a mold infection that spread from the lungs to the blood and brain which led to the death of a previously healthy boy after drowning in a pond of animal waste. These mold infections can be slow and then spread quickly, so testing and treating for it with antifungal medicine in addition to antibacterial medicine needs to be done as early as possible.

Drowning in Children and Predictive Parameters: A 15-Year Multicenter Retrospective Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Drowning is a serious and underestimated public health problem, with the highest morbidity and mortality reported among children. Data regarding pediatric outcomes of drowning are often inadequate, and data collection is poorly standardized among centers. This study aims to provide an overview of a drowning pediatric population in pediatric emergency department, focusing on its main characteristics and management and evaluating prognostic factors. METHODS: This is a retrospective multicenter study involving eight Italian Pediatric Emergency Departments. Data about patients between 0 to 16 years of age who drowned between 2006 and 2021 were collected and analyzed according to the Utstein-style guidelines for drowning. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-five patients (60.9% males, median age at the event 5; interquartile range, 3-10) were recruited and only those with known outcome were retained for the analysis (133). Nearly 10% had a preexisting medical conditions with epilepsy being the most common comorbidity. One third were hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) and younger males had a higher rate of ICU admission than female peers. Thirty-five patients (26.3%) were hospitalized in a medical ward while 19 (14.3%) were discharged from the emergency department and 11 (8.3%) were discharged after a brief medical observation less than 24 hours. Six patients died (4.5%). Medium stay in the ED was approximately 40 hours. No difference in terms of ICU admission was found between cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed by bystanders or trained medical personnel ( P = 0.388 vs 0.390). CONCLUSIONS: This study offers several perspectives on ED victims who drowned. One of the major finding is that no difference in outcomes was seen in patients who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed by bystanders or medical services, highlighting the importance of a prompt intervention.

Suitability of existing definitions for drowning to meet the new definition: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Past studies have shown a lack of consensus on the definition and terminology of drowning among experts in the field and relevant organizations. There is a need for a new look at the definition of drowning to improve the understanding of drowning events. METHODS: A literature search of seven electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, CINHAL, MEDLINE, Sport Discus, and Social Sciences from 1960 to 2020 was conducted using the MESH search terms "drowning", "near-drowning", "submersion", and "immersion". Cochrane databases were also searched for systematic reviews The items were searched in all fields of publication, including title, abstract, and keyword. RESULTS: The search identified approximately 2500 articles, 230 of which were reviewed. The inclusion criteria were applied to the full text of 230 articles, and 25 articles addressing the different definitions of drowning were assessed. They were reviewed critically by authors using a standard review form. The search identified that there were at least 20 different outcome measures for drowning incidents reported. Definitions of drowning in the literature were found for the following terms: dry versus wet drowning, secondary drowning, drowned and near-drowned, drowning without aspiration and drowning with aspiration, near drowning without aspiration or with aspiration, active drowning, passive drowning, silent drowning, witnessed and unwitnessed, immersion, submersion, death certificate records drowning, unintentional submersion, road traffic injury leading to passenger vehicle drowning, drowning, near drowning, salt or freshwater drowning, and cold water drowning. CONCLUSIONS: In the literature, a lack of consensus was observed but the following terms should not be abandoned; "Non-fatal drowning" which is used to describe death following rescue and life with at least 24 hours of in-hospital survival and the development of one or more complications and "Fatal drowning" which implies death occurring at the scene or 24 h of a submersion incident.

Effect of integrated intervention to prevent child drowning in rural areas of Guangdong, China: a cluster randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Drowning is the leading cause of death for children under the age of 15 years in Guangdong Province, China. This serious public health issue also exists in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), which have few value-integrated intervention programs. The current study presents an integrated intervention project that aims to explore an effective pattern of prevention for child drowning in rural areas and feasibility to perform in other LMICs. METHODS: We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial by comparing the incidence of non-fatal drowning among children in two groups in rural areas of southern China. We recruited the participants in two phases and reached a total of 10 687 students from 23 schools at two towns in Guangdong Province, China. At the first and second phases, 8966 and 1721 students were recruited, respectively. RESULTS: The final evaluation questionnaires were collected after 18 months of integrated intervention, where we obtained 9791 data from Grades 3-9. The incidence of non-fatal drowning between the intervention and control groups after intervention did not differ significantly from the baseline according to the total number of students, male students, female students and Grades 6-9 [0.81; 95% confidence interval (CI): [0.66, 1.00]; p = 0.05, 1.17; 95% CI: [0.90, 1.51]; p = 0.25, 1.40; 95% CI: [0.97, 2.02]; p = 0.07 and 0.97; 95% CI: [0.70, 1.34]; p = 0.86], except for Grades 3-5 (1.36; 95% CI: [1.02, 1.82]; p = 0.037). The study observed a significantly positive benefit of awareness and risk behaviours of non-fatal drowning between the intervention and control groups (0.27, 95% CI: [0.21, 0.33]; p = 0.00, -0.16; 95% CI: [-0.24, -0.08]; p = 0.00). CONCLUSIONS: The integrated intervention exerted a significant impact on the prevention and management of child non-fatal drowning, especially in rural areas.

Perforating Calcinosis Cutis as a Complication of Intraosseous Fluid Infusion in the Setting of a Near-Drowning Event.

Iatrogenic calcinosis cutis represents a subset of calcinosis cutis resulting secondary to treatments or procedures. We present the first report of calcinosis cutis resulting from the intraosseous infusion and one of a few cases with associated transepidermal elimination. A previously healthy 2-year-old female presented with a new-onset unilateral shin rash 1 week following hospitalization for a near-drowning event. A dermatologic exam revealed multiple small, tender, firm, chalky-white papules with surrounding erythema, in addition to two erythematous macules superior and medial to the papular lesions, corresponding to prior intraosseous access sites. The rash persisted despite trials of topical mupirocin and acyclovir cream, prompting a referral to a dermatologist. An excisional biopsy was performed, revealing circumscribed dermal deposits of acellular basophilic material connected to the overlying epidermis through an invaginated keratin plug. A von Kossa silver stain highlighted the deposits, confirming the diagnosis of perforating calcinosis cutis. The lesions did not recur following the excisional biopsy. Iatrogenic calcinosis cutis may be seen as a complication of the infusion of calcium-containing fluids via intraosseous access, in addition to the more commonly observed peripheral intravenous access. Awareness of this disorder is important in order to distinguish it from an infectious mimic and guide the selection of therapy.

Drowning Accidents in a Spanish Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: An Observational Study for 29 Years.

INTRODUCTION: Drowning is one of the most frequent accidents in children. We aimed to describe demographic and epidemiological characteristics of drowned children who required admission to a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) to identify risk factors to guide possible preventive measures to avoid severe drowning. METHODS: We conducted an observational study for 29 years (retrospective between 1991 and 2004; prospective between 2005 and 2019) that included all children (0-15 years old) requiring PICU admission after drowning. Data regarding patient characteristics, accident circumstances, and neurological outcomes at PICU discharge were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 160 patients were included, with no significant decrease over the study period. There was a predominance of males (75%), young age (60%; 1-5 years), summer months (91.1%; May-September), tourists (14.12 [95% confidence interval, 9.2-21.7] times higher risk of drowning than residents), swimming pool accidents (88.8%), and inadequate supervision (77.9%). The mortality was 18.7%, and 7.5% of admitted children had severe neurological sequelae. The initial resuscitation maneuvers by accident witnesses were incorrect in nearly half of the patients in whom these could be analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Emphasis should be placed on implementing preventive measures, focused on the described risk groups, and insisting on adequate supervision, swimming training programs, and training of the general population in safe rescue and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Pediatric submersion injuries: emergency care and resuscitation.

Drowning and submersion injuries are highly prevalent, yet preventable, causes of pediatric mortality and morbidity. Prehospital care should focus on restoring normal ventilation and circulation as quickly as possible to limit the extent of hypoxic insult. Diagnostic testing for symptomatic patients may include blood glucose level, arterial blood gas level, complete blood count, electrolyte levels, chest radiography, and cardiorespiratory monitoring with pulse oximetry and a rhythm strip. In this review, passive external, active external, and active internal rewarming techniques for treatment of hypothermic patients are discussed. A systematic approach to treatment and disposition of pediatric drowning victims is provided, and risk factors, caveats in pediatric care, and factors affecting prognosis are also discussed.

Hemolysis as Cause of Hemodialysis Blood Leak Alarm: Case Study of a Patient with Freshwater Near-Drowning.

Hemolysis may be an infrequent cause of hemodialysis blood leak alarms. We report the case of an unresponsive adult male who was placed on hemodialysis with a high-flux dialyzer. Within five minutes, the blood leak alarm sounded. The care team discontinued treatment and made two additional attempts to reinitiate hemodialysis with different machines, blood tubing lots, and brands of high-flux dialyzers, but continued to receive blood leak alarms. Laboratory studies were consistent with severe hemolysis. The attending nephrologist subsequently ordered continuous veno-venous hemofiltration, which was initiated and continued into the following day without incident or alarm. The patient later expired from complications of near-drowning. In the event of significant hemolysis, continuous kidney replacement therapy or hemodialysis with a low-flux dialyzer, and a lower ultrafiltration rate may be indicated.